This classic essay was published by the atheist philosopher J.L. Mackie in 1977. It is an attack on various attempts by religious philosophers down the ages to defend the power and goodness of God from the Problem of Evil and Suffering. Mackie doesn't name any of these philosophers he is criticising, but you should be aware of Augustine of Hippo's theodicy (defence of God) and that of Irenaeus of Lyons, which was restated in the 1960s by John Hick and in the 1970s by Alvin Plantiga. Plantinga's "Freewill Defence" attracts particular attention from Mackie.
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WHY DO BAD THINGS HAPPEN TO GOOD PEOPLE?
The inconsistent triad is really saying, "You can't have your cake and eat it too!" Either admit that God isn't all-powerful or admit that he's not morally perfect - because it's pretty clear that there's evil in the world, there's no getting away from that.
There are other inconsistent triads out there - like one that describes your work/life balance as a student or another that explores the problems of finding a girlfriend or boyfriend who isn't crazy...
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